Composite diamond grain

ABSTRACT

A composite diamond grain which comprises a heat-resistant grain as a nucleus and discrete diamond crystal particles distributed on the surface of the grain or diamond crystal films formed to cover the entire surface of the grain and a method for producing the composite diamond grain by the vapor-phase process are disclosed. For the filament method which is one form of the vapor-phase method, tantalum is useful as the material for the filament. Since tantalum is susceptible of embrittlement by hydrogen, a treatment to be performed on tantalum for the elimination of this drawback is also disclosed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a composite diamond grain composed of aheat-resistant grain and diamond crystals deposited on the surface ofthe grain and obtained by the vapor-phase method and to a method for theproduction thereof.

BACKGROUND ART

Heretofore, natural diamond, synthetic diamond grains produced fromcarbonaceous substances as raw material by the ultra-high pressuremethod and having their auto-morphic shape, and grains obtained bygrinding such diamond have been generally used as diamond grains forgrinding and abrasion.

Recently, the vapor-phase method for synthesis of diamond has beendeveloped. Various procedures for carrying out this method have beendisclosed.

The inventors formerly filed PCT/JP 88/00299 relating to a compositediamond grain composed of a ceramic or metal grain having a diameterequal to or less than 30 μm as a nucleus and a vapor-phase methodcrystal diamond enclosing the grain therewith. The nucleus of thecomposite diamond grain involved in said application has a diameter of30 μm at most and has conical projections and rectangular faces andsquare faces on the grain surface and, therefore, has restrictions onuse. To expand the uses of the composite diamond grain, the inventorshave continued a study in search for a method capable of producing acomposite diamond possessing a nucleus no less than 30 μm in diameterand have accomplished the present invention.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

This invention relates to a composite diamond grain composed of aheat-resistant grain and discrete diamond crystals deposited asdispersed on the surface of the grain or diamond crystal films depositedon the surface of the grain and to a method for the production thereof.This invention further relates to a method for the treatment of tantalumto be used for the hot filament vapor-phase method without any anxietyabout the possibility of embrittlement by hydrogen.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) illustrating at 1,000magnifications a composite diamond grain of this invention produced inExample 1.

FIG. 2 is an SEM illustrating at 5,000 magnifications the compositediamond grain mentioned above.

FIG. 3 is an SEM illustrating at 150 magnifications a composite diamondgrain produced by the method of this invention and composed of aheat-resistant grain and diamond crystal films deposited on the entiresurface of the grain.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an apparatus for the synthesis ofdiamond by the vapor-phase method and concurrently for the treatment ofpreventing a tantalum filament from embrittlement by hydrogen.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

First, a composite diamond grain composed of a heat-resistant grain anddiscrete diamond crystal particles deposited as dispersed on the surfaceof the grain, and a method for the production thereof will be described.

As the material for the heat-resistant grain to be used in the compositediamond grain, diamond and such heat-resistant metallic and ceramicsubstances as W, Co, Ta, WC, SiC, TiC, ZrO₂, Cr₂ O₃, TaN, ZrN, Si₃ N₄,and etc. are useful. The size of the heat-resistant grain of such asubstance is no less than 10 μm, preferably no less than 30 μm.

Though the upper limit of the size of the heat-resistant grain is notspecifically defined, it is properly about 300 μm for the purpose ofpermitting uniform dispersion and deposition of discrete diamondcrystals on the heat-resistant grain. The size of this grain is adjustedby such means as comminution or classification.

The diamonds deposited as dispersed on the surface of the heat-resistantgrain are very minute, discrete diamond particles. The size of most ofthe minute particles is in the range of 0.1 to 100 μm.

The term "diamond crystals" as used in the present specification refersto all crystals including single crystals, aggregates of singlecrystals, and polycrystals.

The "dispersed and deposited diamond crystals" mentioned above arespherical crystals whose auto-morphic surfaces partly exposed. FIG. 1and FIG. 2 are SEM's of the composite diamond grain synthesized inExample 1 described below, respectively at 1,000 magnifications and5,000 magnifications. In these micrographs, the very minute particleswhich are discrete diamond crystals deposited as dispersed on thesurface of the heat-resistant grain are clearly shown. In FIG. 2 whichshows the grain at about 5,000 magnifications, the edge lines of diamondauto-morphic crystals appear clearly. In the photograph, most of theminute diamond particles are present as separated clearly one fromanother but some of them are in contact with each other. Actually, thereare times when these minute particles superpose in a multiplicity oflayers. Since this composite diamond grain is produced by thevapor-phase method as described hereinbelow, the very minute diamondparticles deposited on the surface of the heat-resistant grain are boundstrongly to the surface of the grain.

For practical use, the discrete diamond crystal particles should coverabout 10 to 90%, preferably about 30% to 80% of the surface of theheat-resistant grain.

The deposition of the diamond crystal particles on the surface of theheat-resistant grain can be attained by the well-known vapor-phasemethod of diamond synthesis. The gases as the raw material for thissynthesis include hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane,benzene, toluene, and cyclohexane and oxygen-containing organiccompounds such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, tertiary butanol, andacetone, for example. These gases may be used in combination withoxygen-containing substances such as H₂ O, O₂, CO₂, and CO. The gas orgases selected is/are used either alone or as mixed with one or morecarrier gas such as hydrogen or argon. The pressure of the gas may rangefrom about 10⁻² Torr to a level suitably increased depending on theparticular kind of the heating device to be used.

For the purpose of heating the gas to the temperature for the formationof diamond and decomposing the gas, there can be used any of thewell-known means such as hot filament, microwaves, high frequency waves,direct-current arc discharge, electron beam, ultraviolet light, andinfrared rays.

The deposition of the diamond particles on the entire surface of theheat-resistance grain can be accomplished for example by the flow methodwhich comprises placing the heat-resistant grains on a base board andcontinuously or intermittently rolling them on the base board.Otherwise, the deposition of the diamond particles on the grain may beattained by placing the heat-resistant grains in a container, shakingthe container vertically in the range for deposition of diamond therebycausing the particle grains to float inside the container. It isbelieved that the grains produced by comminution possess numerous activepoints which function like nuclei for the formation of diamond and thatdiamond particles are deposited on the active points as points of theirorigin. The amount of diamond particles to be deposited can be adjustedby varying the time of deposition. Desirably on a grain 30 to 300 μm insize, diamond particles are deposited in a total amount in the range of10 to 180 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the grain.

For the discrete diamond crystals to be deposited as dispersed on thesurface of the heat-resistant grain as described above, the filamenttemperature must be kept in the range of 1,600° C. to 2,250° C.,preferably 2,000° to 2,200° C.

Now, a composite diamond grain composed of a heat-resistant grain anddiamond crystal films deposited on the entire surface of the grain and amethod for the production of the composite diamond grain will bedescribed below.

The heat-resistant grain for the composite diamond grain is entirely thesame in kind and size to that which is used for the aforementionedcomposite diamond grain having discrete diamond particles deposited asdispersed thereon. As the material for the heatresistant grain, diamond,heat-resistant metallic substances such as W, Mo, Ta, WC, SiC, TiC,ZrO₂, Cr₂ O₃, TaN, ZrN, and Si₃ N₄, and ceramic substances are useful.Suitably, the size of this grain is no less than 10 μm, preferably noless than 30 μm.

The upper limit of the size of the heat-resistant grain is notspecifically defined. For the purpose of enabling discrete diamondcrystal films to be uniformly deposited on the grain, this upper limitis suitably about 500 μm. The adjustment of the grain size isaccomplished by comminution or classification, for example.

The diamond crystal films deposited on the surface of the heat-resistantgrain are composed mostly of very minute particles approximately in therange of 0.1 to 10 μm. These very minute particles piled up intimatelyto form films on the surface of the heat-resistant grain and cover theentire surface of the grain. FIG. 3 is an SEM illustrating the films at150 magnifications. FIG. 3 clearly shows that these films are formed ofaggregates of numerous very minute particles.

Now, a method for the production of a composite diamond grain composedof a heat-resistant grain and diamond crystal films deposited on theentire surface of the aforementioned heat-resistant grain will bedescribed.

This production is also effected by the vapor-phase method. Byspecifying the various conditions of the vapor-phase method, thecomposite diamond grain possessed of diamond crystal films aimed at canbe produced. Now, the production by the hot filament method will bedescribed below. The diamond crystal films to be deposited by thismethod are affected by various factors such as, for example, thetemperature of the filament, the material of the filament, and theactivity of the heat-resistant grains, particularly significantly by thetemperature of the filament and the material of the filament.

The inventors have succeeded in uniformly and densely forming diamondmembranes by using a tantalum filament, keeping the temperature of thefilament at or above 2,250° C., and keeping the heat-resistant grains ina fluid state. Owing to the use of a high exciting energy, even onheat-resistant grains of a large size equal to or exceeding 30 μm in theportion of the surface thereof having active points in a relatively lowdensity, the formation of diamond nuclei, which has never been attainedby the conventional method, can be realized by the method of thisinvention. Thus, the produced composite diamond grains have the entiresurface thereof covered with diamond crystal films.

When the diamond particles are deposited on the entire surface of theheat-resistant grain by the vapor-phase method of diamond synthesis,they are bound strongly to the grain.

The size of the particles forming the diamond films can be selected inthe range of from the order of submicrons to the about 20 μm, dependingon the conditions of deposition.

When these diamond particles are deposited densely, they are allowed toform crystal films.

The production of the composite diamond grain possessed of the diamondcrystal films is attained by the conventional vapor-phase method exceptfor the conditions specifically mentioned above.

We will now describe a tantalum filament for the hot filament method.

As the material for the hot filament method, generally suchheat-resistant metals as tungsten, tantalum, and molybdenum are used.

Particularly, among all metals in practical use, tantalum has anadvantage in that it possesses highly satisfactory workability, exhibitsa high melting point second only to tungsten, and forms a carbide of ahigh melting point.

Tantalum, however, is susceptible to embrittlement by hydrogen and,therefore, has inferior durability when the raw material gas containshydrogen. In the method of diamond synthesis using a hot filament asexciting means, a hydrocarbon, an alcohol, or acetone as the rawmaterial is used as mixed with hydrogen gas. If tantalum is used as thematerial for the filament, the filament is liable to undergoembrittlement by hydrogen before it is allowed to form a carbide whichis stable against hydrogen. When the tantalum filament is used for thesynthesis, therefore, this synthesis is not always obtained withsatisfactory productivity.

The inventors have made a study for the purpose of eliminating thedrawbacks inherent in tantalum as described above and found that thesedrawbacks are overcome by heating tantalum in an inert gas containing acarbon compound gas.

This treatment to be performed on tantalum is described further indetail below.

First, a piece of tantalum formed in the shape of a filament is heatedin an inert gas. For the purpose of carbonizing the tantalum filament,the inert gas is required to contain a carbon compound gas.

The term "inert gas" as used herein means a rare gas such as argon orhelium or a gas such as nitrogen gas which is relatively inactive totantalum.

The heating may be effected directly by passage of electricity orindirectly by application of external heat. This heat treatmenteliminates the strain in metallic texture which is one of the causes forthe embrittlement of tantalum by hydrogen and makes the tantalumfilament resistant to embrittlement and susceptible to carbonization.The temperature of this heat treatment is required to equal or exceed600° C. and is desired to be no less than 1,600° C. and no more than2,800° C. Though the composition of the atmosphere in which the heattreatment is to be carried out is variable with the shape andtemperature of the filament, the concentration of the inert gas must beno less than 20% and that of the carbon compound gas at least 0.1% (byvolume) in terms of methane.

The duration of the heat treatment must be at least 5 minutes.

As the carbon compound gas for the carbonization of the tantalumfilament, the raw material gas to be used in the conventionalvapor-phase method of diamond synthesis can be used in its unmodifiedform. The carbon compound gases usable for this purpose includehydrocarbons, alcohols, and acetone, for example. This hydrocarboncompound gas may incorporte therein some hydrogen gas.

The heat treatment of the tantalum filament may be carried out with theambient gas displaced so as to ensure smooth continuity from the heattreatment to the process of diamond synthesis to be subsequently carriedout. This continuity may be attained, for example, by first filling thereaction vessel with an inert gas, introducing the carbon compound gasand hydrogen gas piecemeal into the reaction vessel, converting theambient gas into the gas for synthesis of diamond and thereby completingthe heat treatment of the tantalum filament and starting the synthesisof diamond in the presence of the tantalum filament endowed with highdurability. In this case, the speed of the displacement is variable withthe shape and temperature of the filament. The time required indisplacing 50% of the inert gas inside the reaction vessel is desired tobe no less than 5 minutes.

Owing to the introduction of the raw material gas in the mannerdescribed above, a film of tantalum carbide is formed on the surface ofthe tantalum filament to prevent the tantalum filament fromembrittlement by hydrogen. As the heating of the tantalum filament inthe raw material gas is continued, the film of tantalum carbide gainsproportionately in thickness.

Now, an apparatus for carrying out this heat treatment of the tantalumfilament will be described below with reference to FIG. 4 whichillustrates one examples of the apparatus.

In the diagram, 1 stands for a reaction tank made of metal, for example.Inside this reaction tank are disposed an exciting tantalum filament 2,a substrate 3 for deposition, and a supporting base 4 for the substrate3. The apparatus is further provided with an inert gas inlet 5, a rawmaterial gas inlet 6, a gas outlet 7, and a power source 8 for heatingthe filament with electric current.

The apparatus thus constructed concurrently serves as means forcarbonizing the surface of the tantalum filament and as means foreffecting vapor-phase synthesis of diamond. If the substrate fordeposition is placed before the inert gas is displaced thoroughly withthe raw material gas, there arises a possibility that non-diamond carbonwill be deposited. The substrate for deposition, therefore, is desiredto be inserted in the reaction tank at the time the displacement ofgases is completed.

By this invention, a composite diamond grain having discrete diamondcrystal particles deposited as dispersed on the surface of aheat-resistant grain as a nucleus or a composite diamond grain havingdiamond crystal films formed to cover the entire surface of theheat-resistant grain can be easily produced by suitably varying thereaction conditions. Further, the tantalum filament which has heretoforesuffered from deficiency in practical utility because of insufficientservice life due to the embrittlement by hydrogen is freed from theproblem of embrittlement by hydrogen and enabled to assume a state ofhigh excitation energy exceeding 2,250° C. Thus there is obtained anotable improvement in the practical utility of tantalum products.

Now, the present invention will be described below with reference toworking examples and a comparative experiment.

EXAMPLE 1

On a graphite plate provided with a built-in heater, about 50 mg ofα-SiC grains (about 120 μm in size) as heat-resistant grains weredistributed uniformly in an area of 20 mm×20 mm. The graphite plate wasset in a reaction device (about 2 liters) of the hot filament type.Above the graphite plate, a coiled tungsten filament 0.3 mm in diameter(15 mm in length) was set at a distance of 5 mm from the plate. Trialsynthesis was repeated by feeding an acetone-hydrogen mixture having anacetone concentration of 1.5% volume at a total flow volume of 120cc/min and stirring the SiC grains at intervals of 30 minutes, with thereaction pressure at 500 Torrs, the filament temperature at 2,200° C.,and the temperature (of the surface of the supporting base of the plate)at 850° C. The synthesis was conducted for a total period of 5 hours.With the aid of an optical microscope and an SEM, the synthesis wasconfirmed to have produced composite diamond grains each composed of a120-μ SiC grain and angular diamond particles (about 15μ in diameter)scattered on the SiC grain. FIG. 1 is an SEM illustrating such acomposite diamond grain at 1,000 magnifications and FIG. 2 is an SEM at5,000 magnifications.

The composite diamond grains formed in consequence of the reaction had aweight of about 72.3 mg.

EXAMPLE 2

An α-SiC ingot produced by the reduction of SiO₂ with carbon wascomminuted with a ball mil. The resultant powder was classified toobtain grains of an average diameter of 500 μm. In a reaction bucketdisposed inside a hot filament type apparatus for diamond synthesis, 300mg of the grains were set. As an excitation hot filament, a coiledtantalum wire 0.3 mm in diameter heat-treated in advance at 2,000° C.under argon and ethanol gas was set at a height of 7 mm from the innerbottom surface of the reaction bucket. The bucket waselectromagnetically vibrated to cause the SiC grains rise to a height ofabout 2 mm in the space inside the bucket.

The reaction for synthesis was carried out for 10 hours, with thepressure at 200 Torrs, the tantalum filament temperature at 2,450° C.,the ethanol concentration of the ethanol-hydrogen mixture as the rawmaterial gas at 3% by volume, and the total flow volume at 150 cc/min.

After the completion of the reaction, the grains were taken out of thebucket and examined with respect to surface condition under an opticalmicroscope. The grains were composed of a starting SiC grain and a thickcoating of diamond particles and were closely similar in shape to thestarting grains. The coating layer assumed the form of compact filmseach composed of particles several microns in size. When the grainsurface was tested for Raman shift by microscopic Raman spectrometry, asharp peak due to diamond bond was recognized at 1,334 cm⁻¹ and a verybroad and low peak near 1,500 cm⁻¹. The results indicate that thediamond coating films comprises a diamond phase and a trace of i-carboncomponent. The weight of the composite diamond grains was about 652 mg.

EXAMPLE 3

A coiled tantalum wire 0.3 mm in diameter and 60 mm in length was set ina reaction tank of quartz measuring 70 mm in diameter and 1,000 mm inlength.

The reaction tank was charged with argon gas and the tantalum filamentwas heated by supply of electric current under a pressure of 90 Torrs.The temperature of this heating was 2,000° C.

After this heating was continued for 5 minutes under these conditions,gaseous ethanol was fed at a flow volume of 3 cc/min and hydrogen gas at100 cc/min into the reaction tank and the pressure was kept at 90 Torrs.On elapse of 15 minutes after the start of gas displacement, thetemperature of the filament was elevated at a temperature increasingrate of about 50° C./min up to 2,400° C. to complete the heat treatmentfor carbonization of the filament.

Then, trial synthesis of diamond was carried out by using this filamentand placing at a position 10 mm below the filament a Si substrate havingthe surface thereof ground in advance with a diamond paste containingdiamond particles 1 μm in diameter. As the raw material, gaseous ethanolfed at 3 cc/min and hydrogen gas fed at 100 cc/min were used as mixedwith each other. The reaction pressure was 90 Torrs and the filamenttemperature was 2,400° C. Under these conditions, the synthesis wascontinued for 100 hours. As a result, diamond films 850 μm in thicknesswere formed on the Si substrate without entailing any noticeabledeterioration of the filament.

COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENT

In the same reaction apparatus as used in Example 3, trial synthesis ofdiamond was immediately started without introducing any argon gas intothe reaction tank or subjecting the tantalum filament to the heattreatment. The conditions for the synthesis were the same as those ofExample 1; the feed rate of ethanol at 3 cc/min and that of hydrogen gasat 100 cc/min and the reaction pressure at 90 Torrs. When thetemperature of the filament was elevated to 2,400° C., the filamentbroke after about 15 minutes of this heating.

We claim:
 1. A composite diamond grain, comprising a heat-resistantgrain at least 30 μm in diameter and discrete diamond crystal particlesat least 0.1 μm in diameter and deposited and dispersed on the surfaceof said heat-resistant grain so as to occupy 10 to 90% of the totalsurface area of said heat-resistant grain.
 2. The composite diamondgrain according to claim 1, wherein said discrete diamond crystalparticles occupy 30 to 80% of the total surface area of saidheat-resistant grain.